Our high-density apple experiment has been 80% successful. The technique has allowed me to grow lots of varieties in a small space, tricking them into blooming at a young age. The only problem? Due to our frost-pocket location, those blooms get nipped most springs, so we don't get any fruit.

So I'm veering off in another direction with my next round of experiments. Espaliered trees are trained to be two-dimensional and relatively short, so it's much more feasible to cover them during late-spring frosts. The only question is --- is MM111 rootstock too vigorous for espaliering? I went ahead and bent last year's graftees down along wires and am prepared to deal with lots of watersprouts if they pop up. Perhaps keeping fertilization to a minimum and summer pruning relentlessly will do the trick.